Utilizing a singular method for chemical starch modification can enhance specific functional properties, yet it may inadvertently compromise other desirable traits. Embracing dual modifications has emerged as a promising avenue, with the sequencing of these alterations proving pivotal in shaping starch properties (Hazarika & Sit, 2016).
Hazarika and Sit’s Groundbreaking Taro Starch Experiment
In a groundbreaking study, Hazarika and Sit (2016) delved into dual modifications of taro starch through hydroxypropylation and cross-linking. Exploring varying levels of hydroxypropylation (5% and 10%) and cross-linking (0.05% and 0.10%) in different sequences, they uncovered intriguing outcomes. While both single and dual modifications led to reduced amylose content, hydroxypropylation boosted swelling, solubility, and clarity—qualities dampened by cross-linking. The dual-modified starches exhibited heightened viscosities and firmness, showcasing a blend of advantages suitable for applications demanding elevated viscosity and freeze-thaw stability.
Fouladi and Mohammadi Nafchi’s Innovation with Sago Starch
Fouladi and Mohammadi Nafchi (2014) set out to modify sago starch using a dual approach involving hydrolysis with HCl and hydroxypropylation with propylene oxide. The results were transformative, with acid hydrolysis reducing molecular weight, particularly of amylopectin. Dual modification with a DS greater than 0.1 rendered starch completely soluble in cold water at concentrations up to 25%, presenting synergistic effects absent in individual modifications. This soluble starch variant holds promise for applications like dip molding in food and pharmaceutical processing.
Liu et al.’s Maize Starch Exploration: Cross-Linking and Oxidation Dynamics
In a comprehensive study, Liu et al. (2014) explored the preparation of cross-linked, oxidized, and cross-linked oxidized maize starches using hydrogen peroxide and STMP. The findings showcased the superior freeze-thaw stability of cross-linked starch, coupled with notable improvements in light transmittance and retrogradation properties in cross-linked oxidized starch compared to native starch. The study proposed a dual process where cross-linking and oxidation initiate in the amorphous regions of the starch.
Yang et al.’s Journey with Glutinous Rice Starch
Yang et al. (2016) embarked on the modification of glutinous rice starch through hydroxypropylation, phosphorylation, and hydroxypropyl-phosphorylation. Over time, the degree of substitution increased, impacting the starch granules’ integrity differently. Pasting properties and freeze-thaw stability improved, but onset temperature and gelatinization enthalpy decreased. The study shed light on the evolving properties of modified glutinous rice starch, emphasizing the intricate interplay between the modification techniques.
Woggum, Sirivongpaisal, and Wittaya’s Innovation with Rice Starch
Woggum et al. (2014) crafted a novel approach, modifying rice starch through hydroxypropylation followed by crosslinking using STMP or a mixture of STMP and STPP. Increasing the degree of substitution with propylene oxide influenced gelatinization parameters, paste properties, and film characteristics. The study highlighted the delicate balance required for optimal properties in dual-modified rice starch films.
Xiao et al.’s Dual-Modified Rice Starch: Cross-Linking and Oxidation Harmony
Xiao et al. (2012) navigated the modification of rice starch through cross-linking with EPI and oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. The dual-modified rice starch samples exhibited unique attributes, including lower solubility and higher paste clarity from cross-linking, and reduced paste viscosity with increased solubility and clarity from oxidation. This dual-modified variant demonstrated the lowest retrogradation tendency and remarkable shear resistance, showcasing its potential to overcome the undesirable properties of native, cross-linked, and oxidized rice starch samples.
In conclusion, the exploration of dual modifications in starches presents a dynamic frontier, unveiling nuanced properties that can be tailored for specific applications across diverse industries. As the journey of starch modification unfolds, the intricate dance between different techniques holds the key to unlocking unprecedented functionalities, paving the way for innovative solutions in various fields.